Fuel in any engine is burnt with air. Air is a mixture of gases and it contains approximately 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen. Some of the oxygen is used to burn the fuel during
the combustion process and the rest is supposed to just pass through
unreacted. But when the peak temperatures are high enough for long
periods of time, the nitrogen and oxygen combine
to form a class of compounds called nitrogen oxides, collectively
referred to as NOx. These compounds are one of the chief constituents of
smog, which have an adverse effect on ecological systems. They also
contribute to the formation of acid rain. NOx emissions can be reduced by lowering the cylinder temperatures. This can be done by three ways
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